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| L6740L Hybrid controller (4+1) for AMD SVID and PVID processors Features Hybrid controller: compatible with PVI and SVI CPUs Dual controller: 2 to 4 scalable phases for CPU CORE, 1 Phase for NB Dual-Edge asynchronous architecture with LTB technologyTM PSI management to increase efficiency in Light-Load conditions Dual Over-Current protection: Average and per-Phase Load indicator (CORE section) Voltage positioning Dual remote sense Adjustable independent reference offset Feedback disconnection protection Programmable OV protection Oscillator internally fixed at 150kHz externally adjustable LSLess startup to manage Pre-biased output Flexible driver support HTQFP48 package HTQFP48 Description L6740L is a hybrid CPU Power Supply Controller compatible with both Parallel (PVI) and Serial (SVI) protocols for AMD Processors. The device embeds two independent control loops for the CPU core and the integrated NB, each one with its own set of protections. L6740L is able to work in Single-Plane mode, addressing only the CORE Section, according to the parallel DAC codification. When in Dual-Plane mode, it is compatible with the AMD SVI specification addressing the CPU and NB voltages according to the SVI bus commands. The Dual-Edge Asynchronous Architecture is optimized by LTB technologyTM allowing fast loadtransient response minimizing the output capacitor and reducing the total BOM cost. PSI management allows the device to selectively turn-off phases when the CPU is in low-power states increasing the over-all efficiency. Fast protection against load over current is provided for both the Sections. Furthermore, feedback disconnection protection prevents from damaging the load in case of misconnections in the system board.. Applications Hybrid High-Current VRM / VRD for Desktop / Server / Workstation / IPC CPUs supporting PVI and SVI interface High-density DC / DC converters Table 1. Device summary Order codes Package HTQFP48 HTQFP48 Packaging Tube Tape and reel L6740L L6740LTR August 2007 Rev 2 1/44 www.st.com 1 Contents L6740L Contents 1 Typical application circuit and block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1 1.2 Application circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 Pins description and connection diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1 2.2 Pin descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Thermal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 Electrical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1 3.2 Absolute maximum ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Electrical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4 5 Device description and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 PVI - parallel interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 PVI start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SVI - serial interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SVI start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 Set VID command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 PWROK de-assertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 PSI_L and efficiency optimization at light-load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 HiZ management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Hardware jumper override - V_FIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6 Output voltage positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 CORE section - Phase # programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 CORE section - Current reading and current sharing loop . . . . . . . . . . . 24 CORE section - Load-line and load-indicator (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 CORE section - Offset (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 NB section - Current reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 NB section - Load-line and load-indicator (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 NB section - Offset (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2/44 L6740L Contents 6.8 6.9 6.10 NB section - Maximum Duty-Cycle limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 On-The-Fly VID transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Soft-start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6.10.1 LS-Less Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 7 Output voltage monitoring and protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Programmable over voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Feedback disconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 PWRGOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Over-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.4.1 7.4.2 CORE section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 NB section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 8 9 Main oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 System control loop compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9.1 Compensation network guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 10 11 LTB technologyTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Layout guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 11.1 11.2 Power components and connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Small signal components and connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 12 13 TQFP48 mechanical data & package dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3/44 Typical application circuit and block diagram L6740L 1 1.1 Figure 1. Typical application circuit and block diagram Application circuit Typical 4+1 application circuit LIN CDEC CBULK_IN 2 1 VCC PVCC* BOOT CHF VIN 41 PWRGOOD 37 PWROK 38 EN 35 VID0 36 VID1 40 VID2/SVD 39 VID3/SVC 25 VID4 ROVP 26 VID5 10 OVP / V_FIX ROSC 27 OSC / FLT 8 OS 29 NB_OS 11 LTB_GAIN 12 PSI_L 3 CF COMP L6741/3 ST L6740L Hybrid PVID / SVID Controller (**) GND VCC PWM1 PWM2 PWM3 PWM4 NB_PWM OC_PHASE 48 47 46 45 44 21 ROC_TH PWM UGATE HS1 L1 EN* PHASE R PVI / SVID Bus GND LGATE LS1 28 ROC_AVG OC_AVG / LI 13 CS1+ CS1- 14 CS2+ 15 CDEC RG VCC PVCC* BOOT RG CHF RG C CS2- 16 CS3+ 17 CS3- 18 CS4+ 19 L6741/3 RLTBG PWM RG UGATE HS2 L2 CS4- 20 NB_ISEN 23 EN* PHASE R RISEN FBG VSEN NB_VSEN 7 6 31 GND LGATE LS2 RF 5 4 9 CLTB DROOP C NB_FBG 30 NB_COMP NB_DROOP FB LTB NB_FB ENDRV 43 NB_ENDRV 42 CDEC VCC PVCC* BOOT CHF RFB RLTB 34 32 33 L6741/3 CF_NB RF_NB RFB_NB PWM UGATE HS3 L3 EN* PHASE R GND LGATE LS3 C CDEC_NB CBULK_NB VCC PVCC* BOOT CDEC VCC PVCC* BOOT CHF CHF_NB L6741/3 HSNB LNB UGATE L6741/3 PWM PWM UGATE HS4 L4 PHASE EN* EN* PHASE R LSNB LGATE GND GND LGATE LS4 C PVI / SVID AM2 CPU CORE COUT_NB CMLCC_NB NB CMLCC COUT SVID / PVID Interface (*) PVCC Only applies to L6741; EN Only applies to L6743. See related DS for further details (**) Pin not listed to be considered as Not Connected ST L6740L (4+1) Reference Schematic 4/44 L6740L Typical application circuit and block diagram Figure 2. Typical 3+1 application circuit LIN CDEC CBULK_IN 2 1 VCC PVCC* BOOT CHF VIN 41 PWRGOOD 37 PWROK 38 EN 35 VID0 36 VID1 40 VID2/SVD 39 VID3/SVC 25 VID4 ROVP 26 VID5 10 OVP / V_FIX ROSC 27 OSC / FLT 8 RLTBG OS L6741/3 ST L6740L Hybrid PVID / SVID Controller (**) GND VCC PWM1 PWM2 PWM3 PWM4 NB_PWM 48 47 46 45 44 21 ROC_TH PWM UGATE HS1 L1 EN* PHASE R PVI / SVID Bus GND LGATE LS1 OC_PHASE 28 ROC_AVG OC_AVG / LI 13 CS1+ CS1- 14 CS2+ 15 CDEC RG VCC PVCC* BOOT RG CHF RG C CS2- 16 CS3+ 17 29 NB_OS 11 LTB_GAIN 12 PSI_L 3 COMP CF CS3- 18 CS4+ 19 L6741/3 PWM RG UGATE HS2 L2 CS4- 20 NB_ISEN 23 EN* PHASE R RISEN FBG VSEN NB_VSEN 7 6 31 GND LGATE LS2 RF 5 4 9 CLTB DROOP C NB_FBG 30 NB_COMP NB_DROOP FB LTB NB_FB ENDRV 43 NB_ENDRV 42 CDEC VCC PVCC* BOOT CHF RFB RLTB 34 32 33 L6741/3 CF_NB RF_NB RFB_NB PWM UGATE HS3 L3 EN* PHASE R GND LGATE LS3 C CDEC_NB CBULK_NB VCC PVCC* BOOT CHF_NB HSNB LNB UGATE L6741/3 PWM PHASE EN* LSNB LGATE GND PVI / SVID AM2 CPU CORE COUT_NB CMLCC_NB NB CMLCC COUT SVID / PVID Interface (*) PVCC Only applies to L6741; EN Only applies to L6743. See related DS for further details (**) Pin not listed to be considered as Not Connected ST L6740L (3+1) Reference Schematic 5/44 Typical application circuit and block diagram L6740L Figure 3. Typical 2+1 application circuit LIN CDEC CBULK_IN 2 1 VCC PVCC* BOOT CHF VIN 41 PWRGOOD 37 PWROK 38 EN 35 VID0 36 VID1 40 VID2/SVD 39 VID3/SVC 25 VID4 ROVP 26 VID5 10 OVP / V_FIX ROSC 27 OSC / FLT 8 RLTBG OS L6741/3 ST L6740L Hybrid PVID / SVID Controller (**) GND VCC PWM1 PWM2 PWM3 PWM4 NB_PWM 48 47 46 45 44 21 ROC_TH PWM UGATE HS1 L1 EN* PHASE R PVI / SVID Bus GND LGATE LS1 OC_PHASE 28 ROC_AVG OC_AVG / LI 13 CS1+ CS1- 14 CS2+ 15 CDEC RG VCC PVCC* BOOT RG CHF RG C CS2- 16 CS3+ 17 29 NB_OS 11 LTB_GAIN 12 PSI_L 3 CF COMP CS3- 18 CS4+ 19 L6741/3 PWM RG UGATE HS2 L2 CS4- 20 NB_ISEN 23 EN* PHASE R RISEN FBG VSEN NB_VSEN 7 6 31 GND LGATE LS2 RF 5 4 9 CLTB DROOP C NB_FBG 30 NB_COMP NB_DROOP 32 FB LTB RFB RLTB 34 CF_NB RF_NB NB_FB ENDRV 43 NB_ENDRV 42 33 RFB_NB CDEC_NB CBULK_NB VCC PVCC* BOOT CHF_NB HSNB LNB UGATE L6741/3 PWM PHASE EN* LSNB LGATE GND PVI / SVID AM2 CPU CORE COUT_NB CMLCC_NB NB CMLCC COUT SVID / PVID Interface (*) PVCC Only applies to L6741; EN Only applies to L6743. See related DS for further details (**) Pin not listed to be considered as Not Connected ST L6740L (2+1) Reference Schematic 6/44 L6740L Typical application circuit and block diagram 1.2 Figure 4. OC_PHASE Block diagram Block diagram OC_AVG / LI V_FIX / OVP VID0 VID1 VID2 / SVD VID3 / SVC VID4 VID5 EN PWROK PWRGOOD LTB LTB_GAIN NB_PWM NB_PWM NB - TOT CURRENT ENDRV NB_ENDRV OSC INB_OS CS1+ CS1CS2+ CS2CS3+ CS3CS4+ CS4- IDROOP 11 A NB_ISEN PSI_L DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT SENSE AMD SVI / PVI FLEXIBLE INTERFACE NB CURR SENSE 1.24V OFFSET CURRENT BALANCE CORE_REF & NB_REF NB_OS NB_COMP ERROR AMPLIFIER PWM1 PWM1 DUAL CHANNEL OSCILLATOR (4+1) INB_OS L6740L CONTROL LOGIC PWM2 PWM2 INB_DROOP 64k PWM3 PWM3 CS1CORE - TOT CURRENT 30A IDROOP IOS IOS 64k 50A +INB_OS 64k 64k REMOTE BUFFER NB_FB NB_DROOP OUTPUT VOLTAGE MONITOR AND PROTECTION MANAGEMENT NB_FBG NB_VSEN PWM4 PWM4 OSC 64k OSC VCC 1.24V REMOTE BUFFER 64k ENDRV 64k 64k VCORE_REF NB_REF (from SVI/PVI decoding) NB_ENDRV ENDRV NB_ENDRV VCC SGND OFFSET ERROR AMPLIFIER SGND FB DROOP COMP FBG VSEN OS 7/44 Pins description and connection diagrams L6740L 2 Pins description and connection diagrams Figure 5. Pins connection (Top View) OC_AVG / LI NB_DROOP NB_COMP OSC / FLT NB_VSEN NB_FBG NB_OS NB_FB VID1 VID0 VID5 PWROK EN SVC SVD PWRGOOD NB_ENDRV ENDRV NB_PWM PWM4 PWM3 PWM2 PWM1 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 37 24 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 1 VCC VID4 N.C. NB_ISEN N.C. OC_PHASE CS4CS4+ CS3CS3+ CS2CS2+ CS1CS1+ 23 22 21 20 L6740L 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 2 GND 3 COMP 4 FB 5 DROOP 6 VSEN 7 FBG 8 OS 9 10 11 12 LTB OVP/V_FIX LTB_GAIN PSI_L 2.1 Pin descriptions Table 2. Pin# 1 2 Pin description Name VCC SGND Function Device power supply. Operative voltage is 12V 15%. Filter with 1F MLCC to SGND. All the internal references are referred to this pin. Connect to the PCB Signal Ground. Error amplifier output. Connect with an RF - CF to FB. The CORE section or the device cannot be disabled by grounding this pin. Error amplifier inverting input. Connect with a resistor RFB to VSEN and with an RF - CF to COMP. Offset current programmed by OS is sunk through this pin. A current proportional to the total current read is sourced from this pin according to the Current Reading Gain. Short to FB to implement Droop Function, if not used, short to SGND. Output voltage monitor. It manages OVP and UVP protections and PWRGOOD. Connect to the positive side of the load for remote sensing. See Section 7 for details. 3 COMP 4 CORE SECTION FB 5 DROOP 6 VSEN 8/44 L6740L Table 2. Pin# Pins description and connection diagrams Pin description (continued) Name Function Remote ground sense. Connect to the negative side of the load for remote sensing. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. Offset programming pin. Internally set to 1.24V. Connecting a ROS resistor to SGND allows to set a current that is mirrored into FB pin in order to program a positive offset according to the selected RFB. Short to SGND to disable the function. See Section 6.4 for details. LTB TechnologyTM Input pin. Connect through an RLTB - CLTB network to the regulated voltage (CORE Section) to detect load transient. See Section 10 for details. 7 CORE SECTION FBG 8 OS 9 LTB 10 OVP. Over Voltage Programming Pin. Internally pulled-up to 3.3V by 11A. Connect to SGND through a ROVP resistor and filter with 10nF (typ) to set a fixed voltage according to the ROVP resistor. If floating it will program 3.3V threshold. See Section 7 for details. OVP / V_FIX V_FIX - Hardware override. Short to SGND to enter VFIX mode (WARNING: this condition overrides any code programmed on the VIDx lines). In this case, the device will use SVI inputs as static VIDs and OVP threshold will be set to 1.8V. See Section 5.4.5 for details. LTB TechnologyTM gain pin. Connect to SGND through a resistor RLTBGAIN to program the LTB Gain. See Section 10 for details. Power Saving Indicator (SVI Mode). Open-drain Input/Output pin. See Section 5.4.3 for details. Channel 1 Current Sense Positive Input. Connect through an R-C filter to the phase-side of the channel 1 inductor. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. Channel 1 Current Sense Negative Input. Connect through a RG resistor to the output-side of the channel inductor. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. Channel 2 Current Sense Positive Input. Connect through an R-C filter to the phase-side of the channel 2 inductor. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. Channel 2 Current Sense Negative Input. Connect through a RG resistor to the output-side of the channel inductor. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. Channel 3 Current Sense Positive Input. Connect through an R-C filter to the phase-side of the channel 3 inductor. When working at 2 phase, directly connect to Vout_CORE. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. Channel 3 Current Sense Negative Input. Connect through a RG resistor to the output-side of the channel inductor. When working at 2 phase, connect through RG to CS3+. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. CORE SECTION 12 CORE SECTION 11 LTB_GAIN PSI_L 13 CS1+ 14 CS1- 15 CS2+ 16 CS2- 17 CS3+ 18 CS3- 9/44 Pins description and connection diagrams Table 2. Pin# L6740L Pin description (continued) Name Function Channel 4 Current Sense Positive Input. Connect through an R-C filter to the phase-side of the channel 4 inductor. When working at 2 or 3 phase, directly connect to Vout_CORE. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. Channel 4 Current Sense Negative Input. Connect through a RG resistor to the output-side of the channel inductor. When working at 2 or 3 phase, connect through RG to CS4+. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. 19 CORE SECTION CS4+ 20 CS4- 21 22 NB SECTION Per-Phase Over Current (CORE Section). OC_PHASE Internally set to 1.24V, connecting to SGND with a resistor ROC_TH it programs the OC threshold per-phase. See Section 7.4.1 for details. NC Not internally connected. NB Current Sense Pin. Used for NB voltage positioning and NB_OCP. Connect through a resistor RISEN to the relative LS Drain. See Section 7.4 for details. Not internally connected. 23 NB_ISEN 24 PVI INTERFACE NC 25, 26 Voltage IDentification Pins. VID4, VID5 Internally pulled-low by 10A, they are used to program the output voltage. Used only in PVI-Mode, ignored when in SVI-Mode.See Section 5 for details. OSC: It allows programming the switching frequency FSW of both Sections. Switching frequency can be increased according to the resistor ROSC connected from the pin to. SGND with a gain of 6.8kHz/A (see Section 8 for details). If floating, the switching frequency is 150kHz per phase. FLT: The pin is forced high (3.3V) in case of an OV / UV fault. To recover from this condition, cycle VCC or the EN pin. See Section 7 for details. Average Over Current and Load Indicator Pin. A current proportional to the current delivered by the CORE Section (a copy of the DROOP current) is sourced through this pin. The Average-OC threshold is programmed by connecting a resistor ROC_AVG to SGND. When the generated voltage crosses the OC_AVG threshold (VOC_AVGTH = 2.5V Typ) the device latches with all mosfets OFF (to recover, cycle VCC or the EN pin). A load indicator with 2.5V end-of-scale is then implemented. See Section 7.4.1 for details. Offset Programming Pin. Internally set to 1.24V, connecting a ROS_NB resistor to SGND allows setting a current that is mirrored into NB_FB pin in order to program a positive offset according to the selected RFB_NB. Short to SGND to disable the function. See Section 6.7 for details. Remote Ground Sense. Connect to the negative side of the load to perform remote sense. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. 27 OSC / FLT CORE SECTION NB SECTION 28 OC_AVG / LI 29 NB_OS 30 NB_FBG 10/44 L6740L Table 2. Pin# Pins description and connection diagrams Pin description (continued) Name Function NB output voltage monitor. It manages OVP and UVP protections and PWRGOOD. Connect to the positive side of the NB load to perform remote sensing. See Section 9 for proper layout of this connection. 31 NB_VSEN 32 NB SECTION A current proportional to the total current read by the NB section is sourced through this pin according to the Current Reading Gain NB_DROOP (RISEN). Short to NB_FB to implement Droop Function or connect to SGND through a resistor and filter with 1nF capacitor to implement NB LOAD Indicator. If not used, short to SGND. NB error amplifier inverting input. Connect with a resistor RFB_NB to NB_VSEN and with an RF_NB - CF_NB to NB_COMP. Offset current programmed by NB_OS is sunk through this pin. Error amplifier output. Connect with an RF_NB - CF_NB to NB_FB. The NB Section or the device cannot be disabled by grounding this pin. 33 NB_FB 34 NB_COMP SVI / PVI INTERFACE 35, 36 Voltage IDentification Pins. Internally pulled-low by 10A, they are used to program the output VID0, VID1 voltage. VID1 is monitored on the EN pin rising-edge to define the operative mode of the controller (SVI or PVI). When in SVI Mode, VID0 is ignored. See Section 5 for details. System-wide Power Good Input (SVI Mode). Internally pulled-low by 10A. When low, the device will decode the two SVI bits (SVC, SVD) to determine the Pre-PWROK Metal VID (default condition when pin is floating). When high, the device will actively run the SVI protocol. Pre-PWROK Metal VID are latched after EN is asserted and re-used in case of PWROK de-assertion. Latch is reset by VCC or EN cycle. VR Enable. Internally pulled-up to 3.3V by 10A. Pull-low to disable the device. When set free, the device immediately checks for the VID1 status to determine the SVI / PVI protocol to be adopted and configures itself accordingly. See Section 5 for details. 37 PWROK 38 EN 39 SVI / PVI INTERFACE 41 Voltage IDentification Pin - SVI Clock Pin. SVC / VID3 Internally pulled-low by 10A, it is used to program the output voltage. When in SVI-Mode, it is considered as Serial-VID-Data (Input / Open Drain Output). See Section 5 for details. Voltage IDentification Pins - SVI Data Pin. SVD / VID2 Internally pulled-low by 10A, it is used to program the output voltage. When in SVI-Mode, it is considered as Serial-VID-Data (Input / Open Drain Output). See Section 5 for details. VCORE and NB Power Good. It is an open-drain output set free after SS as long as both the voltage PWRGOOD planes are within specifications. Pull-up to 3.3V (typ) or lower, if not used it can be left floating. When in PVI Mode, it monitors the CORE Section only. 40 11/44 Pins description and connection diagrams Table 2. Pin# NB SECTION L6740L Pin description (continued) Name Function 42 External driver enable. Open Drain output used to control NB Section external driver status: NB_ENDRV pulled-low to manage HiZ conditions or pulled-high to enable the driver. Pull up to 3.3V (typ) or lower. When in PVI Mode, NB Section is always kept in HiZ. External Driver enable. Open Drain output used to control CORE Section external driver status: pulled-low to manage HiZ conditions or pulled-high to enable the driver. Pull up to 3.3V (typ) or lower. PWM output. Connect to external driver PWM input. The device is able to manage HiZ status by setting the pin floating. When in PVI Mode, NB Section is kept in HiZ. See Section 5.4.4 for details about HiZ management. PWM outputs. Connect to external drivers PWM inputs. The device is able to manage HiZ status by setting the pins floating. By shorting to SGND PWM4 or PWM3 and PWM4, it is possible to program the CORE section to work at 3 or 2 phase respectively. See Section 5.4.4 for details about HiZ management. Thermal pad connects the Silicon substrate and makes good thermal contact with the PCB. Connect to the PGND plane. 43 CORE SECTION NB SECTION CORE SECTION ENDRV 44 NB_PWM 45 to 48 PWM1 to PWM4 Thermal pad 2.2 Thermal data Table 3. Symbol RthJA RthJC TMAX TSTG TJ Thermal data Parameter Thermal resistance junction to ambient (Device soldered on 2s2p PC Board) Thermal resistance junction to case Maximum junction temperature Storage temperature range Junction temperature range Value 40 1 150 -40 to 150 0 to 125 Unit C/W C/W C C C 12/44 L6740L Electrical specifications 3 3.1 Electrical specifications Absolute maximum ratings Table 4. Symbol VCC to PGND All other Pins to PGNDx Absolute maximum ratings Parameter Value 15 -0.3 to 3.6 Unit V V 3.2 Table 5. Symbol Electrical characteristics Electrical characteristics (VCC=12V15%, TJ = 0C to 70C unless otherwise specified). Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit Supply current and power-ON ICC UVLOVCC Oscillator Main oscillator accuracy FSW VOSC FAULT dMAX_NB Oscillator adjustability PWM ramp amplitude Voltage at Pin OSC NB duty-cycle limit ROSC = 27k CORE and NB section OVP, UVP latch active INB_DROOP = 0A INB_DROOP = 35A 3 80 40 135 380 150 465 2 3.6 165 550 kHz kHz V V % % VCC supply current VCC Turn-ON VCC Turn-OFF VCC rising VCC falling 7 20 9 mA V V PVI / SVI interface Input high EN, PWROK Input low Pull-up current Pull-down current VID2,/SVD VID3/SVC SVD VID0 to VID5 V_FIX Input high Input low Voltage low (ACK) Input high Input low Pull-down current Entering V_FIX mode EN Pin PWORK Pin (SVI Mode) (SVI Mode) ISINK = -5mA (PVI mode) (PVI mode) 10 0.90 1.3 0.80 0.95 0.65 250 10 10 2 0.80 V V A A V V mV V V A V 13/44 Electrical specifications Table 5. Symbol PSI_L L6740L Electrical characteristics (continued) (VCC=12V15%, TJ = 0C to 70C unless otherwise specified). Parameter Voltage Low Test conditions ISINK = -5mA Min. Typ. Max. 250 Unit mV Voltage positioning (CORE and NB Section) CORE Output voltage accuracy NB OFFSET bias voltage OS, NB_OS OFFSET current range OFFSET - IFB accuracy DROOP DROOP accuracy NB_DROOP A0 SR EA DC gain Slew rate COMP, NB_COMP to SGND = 10pF IOS = 0 to 250A IDROOP = 0 to 140A; OS = OFF INB_DROOP = 0 to 35A; OS = OFF VSEN to VCORE; FBG to GNDCORE NBVSEN to VNB; NBFBG to GNDFB IOS = 0 to 250A -8 -10 1.190 0 -15 -9 -4 100 20 1.24 8 10 1.290 250 15 9 4 mV mV V A % A A dB V/s PWM outputs (CORE and NB Section) PWMx, NB_PWM IPWMx Output high Output low Test current I = -5mA I = 1mA I = -1mA 10 0.4 3 3.6 0.2 V V A V ENDRV, Output low NB_ENDRV Protections Over voltage protection OVP Bias current OV programmability UVP PWRGOOD Voltage low IVSEN-DISC VFB-DISC FBG DISC VSEN disconnection Under voltage protection PGOOD threshold V_FIX Mode (V_FIX = SGND); VSEN, NB_VSEN Rising 1.720 7 1.800 11 1.800 -400 -250 1.880 15 1.870 -330 -200 0.4 V A V mV mV V A A ROVP = 180k VSEN, NB_VSEN Falling; wrt Ref. VSEN, NB_VSEN Falling; wrt Ref IPWRGOOD = -4mA Sourced from NB_VSEN; OS = OFF Sunk from VSEN; OS = OFF 1.730 -470 -300 50 30 500 350 1.200 2.430 -11 32 37.5 600 450 1.240 2.500 700 550 1.280 2.570 11 43 FB disconnection FBG disconnection CORE - VCS- Rising, above VSEN EA NI input wrt VID CORE section; bias voltage CORE section mV mV V V A A OC_PHASE Per-phase OC kVOC_AVGTH kIOC_AVGTH IOCTH_NB OC threshold Average OC IDROOP = 0 to 140A; OS = OFF NB section 14/44 L6740L Device description and operation 4 Device description and operation L6740L is a hybrid CPU Power Supply Controller compatible with both Parallel (PVI) and Serial (SVI) protocols for AMD K8 - Second Generation Processors. The device provides complete control logic and protections for a high-performance step-down DC-DC voltage regulator, optimized for advanced microprocessor power supply supporting both PVI and SVI communication. It embeds two independent controllers for CPU CORE and the integrated NB, each one with its own set of protections. L6740L is able to detect which kind of CPU is connected in order to configure itself to work as a Single-Plane PVI controller or Dual-Plane SVI controller. The Controller performs a single-phase control for the NB Section and a programmable 2-to4 phase control for the CORE Section featuring Dual-Edge non-Latched architecture: this allows fast load-transient response optimizing the output filter consequently reducing the total BOM cost. Further reduction can be achieved by enabling LTB Technology(TM). NB phase (when enabled) will be automatically phase-shifted with respect to the CORE phases in order to reduce the total input rms current amount. PSI_L Flag is sent to the VR through the SVI bus. The controller monitors this flag and selctively modifies the phase number in order to optimize the system efficiency when the CPU enters low-power states. This causes the over-all efficiency to be maximized at light loads so reducing losses and system power consumption. Both sections feature programmable Over-Voltage protection and adjustable constant OverCurrent protection. Voltage positioning (LL) is possible thanks to an accurate fully-differential current-sense across the main inductors for the CORE Section and thanks to the loss-less current sense across Low-Side MOSFET RdsON for the NB section. In both cases, LL may be disabled and the generated current information may be used to implement a Load Indicator function. L6740L features dual remote sensing for the regulated outputs (CORE and NB) in order to recover from PCB voltage drops also protecting the load from possible feedback network disconnections. LSLess start-up function allows the controller to manage pre-biased start-up avoiding dangerous current return through the main inductors as well as negative undershoot on the output voltage if the output filter is still charged before start-up. L6740L also supports V_FIX mode for system debugging: in this particular configuration the SVI bus is used as a static bus configuring 4 operative voltages for both the sections and ignoring any serial-VID command. When working in PVI mode, the device features On-the-Fly VID management: VID code is continuously sampled and the reference update according to the variation detected, L6740L is available in TQFP48 Package. 15/44 Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection L6740L 5 Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection L6740L is able to detect the type of the CPU-core connected and to configure itself accordingly. At system Start-up, on the rising-edge of the EN signal, the device monitors the status of VID1 and configures the PVI mode (VID1 = 1) or SVI mode (VID1 = 0). When in PVI mode, L6740L uses the information available on the VID[0: 5] bus to address the CORE Section output voltage according to Table 6. NB Section is kept in HiZ mode. When in SVI mode, L6740L ignores the information available on VID0, VID4 and VID5 and uses VID2 and VID3 as a SVI bus addressing the CORE and NB Sections according to the SVI protocol. Caution: To avoid any risk of errors in CPU type detection (i.e. detecting SVI CPU when PVI CPU is installed on the socket and viceversa), it is reccomended to carefully control the start-up sequencing of the system hosting L6740L in order to ensure than on the EN rising-edge, VID1 is in valid and correct state. 5.1 PVI - parallel interface PVI is a 6-bit-wide parallel interface used to address the CORE Section reference. According to the selected code, the device sets the CORE Section reference and regulates its output voltage as reported into Table 6. NB Section is always kept in HiZ; no activity is performed on this section. Furthermore, PWROK information is ignored as well since the signal only applies to the SVI protocol. 5.2 PVI start-up Once the PVI mode has been detected, the device uses the whole code available on the VID[0:5] lines to define the reference for the CORE section. NB Section is kept in HiZ. SoftStart to the programmed reference is performed regardless of the state of PWROK. See Section 6.10 for details about Soft-Start. Figure 6. System start-up: SVI (to Metal-VID; left) and PVI (right) 16/44 L6740L Table 6. Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection Voltage identifications (VID) codes for PVI mode Output Output VID5 VID4 VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 voltage voltage 1.5500 1.5250 1.5000 1.4750 1.4500 1.4250 1.4000 1.3750 1.3500 1.3250 1.3000 1.2750 1.2500 1.2250 1.2000 1.1750 1.1500 1.1250 1.1000 1.0750 1.0500 1.0250 1.0000 0.9750 0.9500 0.9250 0.9000 0.8750 0.8500 0.8250 0.8000 0.7750 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0.7625 0.7500 0.7375 0.7250 0.7125 0.7000 0.6875 0.6750 0.6625 0.6500 0.6375 0.6250 0.6125 0.6000 0.5875 0.5750 0.5625 0.5500 0.5375 0.5250 0.5125 0.5000 0.4875 0.4750 0.4625 0.4500 0.4375 0.4250 0.4125 0.4000 0.3875 0.3750 VID5 VID4 VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 17/44 Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection L6740L 5.3 SVI - serial interface SVI is a two wire, Clock and Data, bus that connects a single master (CPU) to one slave (L6740L). The master initiates and terminates SVI transactions and drives the clock, SVC, and the data, SVD, during a transaction. The slave receives the SVI transactions and acts accordingly. SVI wire protocol is based on fast-mode I2C. SVI interface also considers two additional signal needed to manage the system start-up. These signals are EN and PWROK. The device return a PWRGOOD signal if the output voltages are in regulation. 5.4 SVI start-up Once the SVI mode has been detected on the EN rising-edge, L6740L checks for the status of the two serial VID pins, SVC and SVD, and stores this value as the Pre-PWROK Metal VID. The controller initiate a soft-start phase regulating both CORE and NB voltage planes to the voltage level prescribed by the Pre-PWROK Metal VID. See Table 7 for details about Pre-PWROK Metal VID codifications. The stored Pre-PWROK Metal VID value are re-used in any case of PWROK de-assertion. After bringing the output rails into regulation, the controller asserts the PWRGOOD signal and waits for PWROK to be asserted. Until PWROK is asserted, the Controller regulates to the Pre-PWROK Metal VID ignoring any commands coming from the SVI interface. After PWROK is asserted, the processor has initialized the serial VID interface and L6740L waits for commands from the CPU to move the voltage planes from the Pre-PWROK Metal VID values to the operative VID values. As long as PWROK remains asserted, the controller will react to any command issued through the SVI interface according to SVI Protocol. See Section 6.10 for details about Soft-Start. Table 7. SVC 0 0 1 1 V_FIX mode and MetalVID Output voltage [V] SVD Pre-PWROK Metal VID 0 1 0 1 1.1V 1.0V 0.9V 0.8V V_FIX Mode 1.4V 1.2V 1.0V 0.8V 5.4.1 Set VID command The Set VID Command is defined as the command sequence that the CPU issues on the SVI bus to modify the voltage level of the CORE Section and/or the NB Section. During a Set VID Command, the processor sends the start (START) sequence followed by the address of the Section which the Set VID Command applies. The processor then sends the write (WRITE) bit. After the write bit, the Voltage Regulator (VR) sends the acknowledge (ACK) bit. The processor then sends the VID bits code during the data phase. The VR sends the acknowledge (ACK) bit after the data phase. Finally, the processor sends the stop (STOP) sequence. After the VR has detected the stop, it performs an On-the-Fly VID 18/44 L6740L Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection transition for the addressed section(s) or, more in general, react to the sent command accordingly. Refer to Figure 7, Table 8 and Table 9 for details about the Set VID Command. L6740L is able to manage individual power OFF for both the Sections. The CPU may issue a serial VID command to power OFF or power ON one Section while the other one remains powered. In this case, the PWRGOOD signal remains asserted. Figure 7. SVI communications - Send byte START SLAVE ADDRESSING + W ACK DATA PHASE ACK STOP SVC 6 5 4 3 0 7 6 0 SVD 110b START ACK ACK Slave Addressing (7 Clocks) WRITE ACK (1Ck) (1Ck) Data Phase (8 Clocks) ACK (1Ck) STOP BUS DRIVEN BY L6740L BUS DRIVEN BY MASTER (CPU) Table 8. bits SVI send byte - Address and data phase description Description Address phase 6:4 3 2 1 0 Data phase 7 6:0 PSI_L Flag (Active low).When asserted, the VR is allowed to enter Power-Saving mode. See Section 5.4.3. VID Code. See Table 9. Always 110b. Not Applicable, ignored. Not Applicable, ignored. CORE Section(1). If set then the following data byte contains the VID code for CORE Section. NB Section(1). If set then the following data byte contains the VID code for NB Section. 1. Assertion in both bit 1 and 0 will address the VID code to both CORE and NB simultaneously. 19/44 Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection L6740L Table 9. SVI [6:0] 000_0000 000_0001 000_0010 000_0011 000_0100 000_0101 000_0110 000_0111 000_1000 000_1001 000_1010 000_1011 000_1100 000_1101 000_1110 000_1111 001_0000 001_0001 001_0010 001_0011 001_0100 001_0101 001_0110 001_0111 001_1000 001_1001 001_1010 001_1011 001_1100 001_1101 001_1110 001_1111 Data phase - Serial VID codes. Output voltage 1.5500 1.5375 1.5250 1.5125 1.5000 1.4875 1.4750 1.4625 1.4500 1.4375 1.4250 1.4125 1.4000 1.3875 1.3750 1.3625 1.3500 1.3375 1.3250 1.3125 1.3000 1.2875 1.2750 1.2625 1.2500 1.2375 1.2250 1.2125 1.2000 1.1875 1.1750 1.1625 SVI [6:0] 010_0000 010_0001 010_0010 010_0011 010_0100 010_0101 010_0110 010_0111 010_1000 010_1001 010_1010 010_1011 010_1100 010_1101 010_1110 010_1111 011_0000 011_0001 011_0010 011_0011 011_0100 011_0101 011_0110 011_0111 011_1000 011_1001 011_1010 011_1011 011_1100 011_1101 011_1110 011_1111 Output voltage 1.1500 1.1375 1.1250 1.1125 1.1000 1.0875 1.0750 1.0625 1.0500 1.0375 1.0250 1.0125 1.0000 0.9875 0.9750 0.9625 0.9500 0.9375 0.9250 0.9125 0.9000 0.8875 0.8750 0.8625 0.8500 0.8375 0.8250 0.8125 0.8000 0.7875 0.7750 0.7625 SVI [6:0] 100_0000 100_0001 100_0010 100_0011 100_0100 100_0101 100_0110 100_0111 100_1000 100_1001 100_1010 100_1011 100_1100 100_1101 100_1110 100_1111 101_0000 101_0001 101_0010 101_0011 101_0100 101_0101 101_0110 101_0111 101_1000 101_1001 101_1010 101_1011 101_1100 101_1101 101_1110 101_1111 Output voltage 0.7500 0.7375 0.7250 0.7125 0.7000 0.6875 0.6750 0.6625 0.6500 0.6375 0.6250 0.6125 0.6000 0.5875 0.5750 0.5625 0.5500 0.5375 0.5250 0.5125 0.5000 0.4875 0.4750 0.4625 0.4500 0.4375 0.4250 0.4125 0.4000 0.3875 0.3750 0.3625 SVI [6:0] 110_0000 110_0001 110_0010 110_0011 110_0100 110_0101 110_0110 110_0111 110_1000 110_1001 110_1010 110_1011 110_1100 110_1101 110_1110 110_1111 111_0000 111_0001 111_0010 111_0011 111_0100 111_0101 111_0110 111_0111 111_1000 111_1001 111_1010 111_1011 111_1100 111_1101 111_1110 111_1111 Output voltage 0.3500 0.3375 0.3250 0.3125 0.3000 0.2875 0.2750 0.2625 0.2500 0.2375 0.2250 0.2125 0.2000 0.1875 0.1750 0.1625 0.1500 0.1375 0.1250 0.1125 0.1000 0.0875 0.0750 0.0625 0.0500 0.0375 0.0250 0.0125 OFF OFF OFF OFF 20/44 L6740L Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection 5.4.2 PWROK de-assertion Anytime PWROK de-asserts while EN is asserted, the controller uses the previously stored Pre-PWROK Metal VID and regulates all the planes to that level performing an On-the-Fly transition to that level. PWRGOOD is treated appropriately being de-asserted in case the Pre-PWROK Metal VID voltage is out of the initial voltage specifications. 5.4.3 PSI_L and efficiency optimization at light-load. PSI_L is an active-low flag (i.e. low logic level when asserted) that can be set by the CPU to allow the VR to enter Power-Saving mode to maximize the system efficiency when in lightload conditions. The status of the flag is communicated to the controller through the SVI bus and it is reported on the PSI_L pin (open-drain). The controller monitors the PSI_L pin also to define the PSI Strategy, that is the action performed by the controller when PSI_L is asserted. According to Table 10, by programming different voltage divider on PSI_L, it is possible to configure the device to disable one or two phases while PSI_L is asserted. The device can also be configured to take no action so phase number will not change after PSI_L assertion. In case the phase number is changed, the device will disable one or two phases starting from the highest one (i.e. if working at 3 phases, phase 3 will be disabled in case of 1 phase reduction; phase 2 and 3 in case of 2phase reduction). To disable Phases, the controller will set HiZ on the related PWM and re-configure internal phase-shift to maintain the interleaving. Furthermore, the internal current-sharing will be adjusted to consider the phase number reduction. ENDRV will remain asserted. When PSI_L is de-asserted, the device will return to the original configuration. Start-up is performed with all the configured phases enabled. In case of On-the-Fly VID transitions, the device will maintain the phase configuration set before. PSI Strategy (i.e. the voltage across PSI_L) is read and stored when PWRGOOD is asserted at the end of the Soft-Start phase. The phase number management is affected by the external driver selected. If the external driver features the EN function, PSI_L can be tied directly to the EN of the drivers of the phases that will be disabled. Furthermore, in case the desired strategy is to work in single phase when 4phases are configured, PSI_L can be tied also to the EN of the driver connected to Phase2 (apparently, from 4phases the max reduction would be to 2phase min.) in order to disable also this phase during low-power mode. If the external driver manages HiZ through the PWM input, PSI_L will be connected only to the external divider used to set the strategy. The system can be down-graded to single-phase only if configured for three phases. Since PSI_L can be used to enable some of the external drivers connected, the status of the pin is the logic AND between the PSI_L Flag and the status of the ENDRV pin: if the controller wants to disable the external drivers pulling low ENDRV (because of protections or simply for start-up synchronization) also PSI_L will be tied low. NB Section is not impacted by PSI_L status change. Figure 8 shows an example of the efficiency improvement that can be achieved by enabling the PSI management. 21/44 Hybrid CPU support and CPU_TYPE detection Table 10. PSI_L GND Pull-Up to <3V Pull-Up to 3.3V L6740L PSI strategy PSI strategy No Strategy. PSI_L still reproduces the status of the PSI Flag Phase number is cut by 1 while PSI_L is asserted. Phase number is cut by 2 while PSI_L is asserted. Figure 8. System efficiency enhancement by PSI 5.4.4 HiZ management L6740L is able to manage HiZ through both the PWMx and driver enable signals. When the controller wants to set in high impedance the output of one Section, it set the relative PWM floating and, at the same time, pulls-low the related ENDRV. 5.4.5 Hardware jumper override - V_FIX Anytime the pin OVP/V_FIX is driven low, the controller enters V_FIX mode. When in V_FIX mode, both NB and CORE Section voltages are governed by the information shown in Table 7. Regardless of the state of PWROK, the device will work in SVI mode. SVC and SVD are considered as static VID and the output voltage will change according to their status. Dynamic SVC/SVD-change management is provided in this condition. V_FIX mode is intended for system debug only. Protection management differs in this case, see Section 7.1 for details. 22/44 L6740L Output voltage positioning 6 Output voltage positioning Output voltage positioning is performed by selecting the controller operative-mode (SVI, PVI and V_FIX) and by programming the Droop Function and Offset to the reference of both the sections (See Figure 9). The controller reads the current delivered by each Section by monitoring the voltage drop across the Low-Side MOSFET for NB Section or DCR Inductors for CORE Section. The current (IDROOP / IDROOP_NB) sourced from the DROOP / NB_DROOP pin, directly proportional to the read current, causes the related section output voltage to vary according to the external RFB / RFB_NB resistor so implementing the desired load-line effect. The current (IOS / IOS_NB) programmed through the OS / NB_OS pins is sunk from the FB / NB_FB pins causing the output voltage to be offset according to the resistance RFB / RFB_NB connected. L6740L embeds a dual Remote-Sense Buffer to sense remotely the regulated voltage of each Section without any additional external components. In this way, the output voltage programmed is regulated compensating for board and socket losses. Keeping the sense traces parallel and guarded by a power plane results in common mode coupling for any picked-up noise. Both DROOP and OFFSET function can be disabled: see Section 6.3 and Section 6.4 for details about CORE Section and Section 6.6 and Section 6.7 for details about NB Section. In case DROOP effect is not desired, the current information sourced from the DROOP pin may be used to implement a Load Indicator as reported in Section 6.3 and Section 6.6. Figure 9. CORE SECTION VOLTAGE POSITIONING Voltage positioning IDROOP CORE_REFERENCE -IOS from DAC... 1.2V IOS CORE Protection Monitor OS ROS DROOP FB RFB_COMP RF RFB COMP CF VSEN FBG To VDD_CORE (Remote Sense) IDROOP_NB NB SECTION VOLTAGE POSITIONING 1.2V IOS_NB IOS_NB NB_REFERENCE from DAC... NB Protection Monitor NB_OS NB_DROOP ROS_NB NB_FB RFB_COMP_NB RF_NB RFB_NB NB_COMP CF_NB NB_VSEN NB_FBG To VDD_NB (Remote Sense) 23/44 Output voltage positioning L6740L 6.1 CORE section - Phase # programming CORE Section implements a flexible 2 to 4 interleaved-phase converter. To program the desired number of phase, simply short to SGND the PWMx signal that is not required to be used according to Table 11. For three phase operation, short PWM4 to SGND while for two phase operation, short PWM3 and PWM4 to SGND. Caution: For the disabled phase(s), the current reading pins need to be properly connected to avoid errors in Current-Sharing and Voltage-Positioning: CSx+ needs to be connected to the regulated output voltage while CSx- needs to be connected to CSx+ through the same Rg resistor used for the active phases. Table 11. CORE section - Phase number programming PWM1 PWM2 n/a to Driver to Driver to Driver SGND SGND SGND PWM3 PWM4 Phase number 1 2 3 4 6.2 CORE section - Current reading and current sharing loop L6740L embeds a flexible, fully-differential current sense circuitry for the CORE Section that is able to read across inductor parasitic resistance or across a sense resistor placed in series to the inductor element. The fully-differential current reading rejects noise and allows placing sensing element in different locations without affecting the measurement's accuracy. The trans-conductance ratio is issued by the external resistor Rg placed outside the chip between CSx- pin toward the reading points. The current sense circuit always tracks the current information, the pin CSx+ is used as a reference keeping the CSx- pin to this voltage. To correctly reproduce the inductor current an R-C filtering network must be introduced in parallel to the sensing element. The current that flows from the CSx- pin is then given by the following equation (See Figure 10): DCR 1 + s L DCR I CSx- = ------------ ------------------------------------- I RG 1+sRC PHASEx Considering now to match the time constant between the inductor and the R-C filter applied (Time constant mismatches cause the introduction of poles into the current reading network causing instability. In addition, it is also important for the load transient response and to let the system show resistive equivalent output impedance) it results: L ------ = R C RL RL I CSx- = ------- I PHASEx = I INFOx RG RG resistor is typically designed in order to have an information current IINFOx in the range of about 35A (IOCTH) at the OC Threshold. 24/44 L6740L Output voltage positioning Figure 10. Current reading - CORE section (left) and NB section (right) IPHASEx Lx DCRx VOUT INB_ISEN NB_ISEN RISEN INB ICSx-=IINFOx CSx+ R C CSx- RG From ext Driver VDD Inductor DCR Current Sense NB Current Sense across LS Mosfet The current read through the CSx+ / CSx- pairs is converted into a current IINFOx proportional to the current delivered by each phase and the information about the average current IAVG = IINFOx / N is internally built into the device (N is the number of working phases). The error between the read current IINFOx and the reference IAVG is then converted into a voltage that with a proper gain is used to adjust the duty cycle whose dominant value is set by the voltage error amplifier in order to equalize the current carried by each phase. 6.3 CORE section - Load-line and load-indicator (Optional) L6740L is able to introduce a dependence of the output voltage on the load current recovering part of the drop due to the output capacitor ESR in the load transient. Introducing a dependence of the output voltage on the load current, a static error, proportional to the output current, causes the output voltage to vary according to the sensed current. Figure 10 shows the Current Sense Circuit used to implement the Load-Line. The current flowing across the inductor(s) is read through the R - C filter across CSx+ and CSx- pins. RG programs a transconductance gain and generates a current ICSx proportional to the current of the phase. The sum of the ICSx current is then sourced by the FB pin (IDROOP). RFB gives the final gain to program the desired load-line slope (Figure 9). Time constant matching between the inductor (L / DCR) and the current reading filter (RC) is required to implement a real equivalent output impedance of the system so avoiding over and/or under shoot of the output voltage as a consequence of a load transient. See Section 6.2. The output characteristic vs. load current is then given by (Offset disabled): DCR V CORE = VID - R FB I DROOP = VID - R FB ------------ I OUT = VID - R LL I OUT RG Where RLL is the resulting load-line resistance implemented by the CORE Section. The whole power supply can be then represented by a "real" voltage generator with an equivalent output resistance RLL and a voltage value of VID. RFB resistor can be then designed according to the RLL specifications as follow: RG R FB = R LL -----------DCR Caution: Load-Line (DROOP) implementation is optional, in case it is not desired, the resulting current information may be employed for other purposes, such as an additional Load Indicator 25/44 Output voltage positioning L6740L (LI). In this case, simply connect a resistor RLI to SGND: the resulting voltage drop across RLI will be proportional to the delivered current according to the following relationship: DCR V DROOP = R LI ------------ I OUT RG In case no additional information about the delivered current is requested, the DROOP pin can be shorted to SGND. Note: Split between RFB_COMP and RFB_DROOP (Figure 9) is useful in custom designs where the Droop effect is minimum (i.e. <50mV over 100A) to simplify the compensation network design. 6.4 CORE section - Offset (Optional) The OS pin allows programming a positive offset (VOS) for the CORE Section output voltage by connecting a resistor ROS to SGND. The pin is internally fixed at 1.240V so a current is programmed by connecting the resistor ROS between the pin and SGND: this current is mirrored and then properly sunk from the FB pin as shown in Figure 9. Output voltage is then programmed as follow: V CORE = VID - R FB ( I DROOP - I OS ) Offset resistor can be designed by considering the following relationship (RFB is be fixed by the Droop effect): 1.240V R OS = ------------------ R FB V OS Caution: Note: Offset implementation is optional, in case it is not desired, simply short the pin to SGND. In the above formulas, RFB has to be considered being the total resistance connected between FB pin and the regulated voltage. 6.5 NB section - Current reading L6740L embeds a flexible, fully-differential current sense circuitry for the NB Section that is able to read across Low-Side MOSFET RdsON or across a sense resistor placed in series to the element. The trans-conductance ratio is issued by the external resistor RISEN placed outside the chip between NB_ISEN pin and the Low-Side Drain. The current sense circuit performs sample & hold of the current information. The current that flows from the NB_ISEN pin is then given by the following equation (See Figure 10): R dsON I ISEN = ---------------- I NB = I DROOP_NB R ISEN RISEN resistor is typically designed according to the OC Threshold. See Section 7.4 for details. 26/44 L6740L Output voltage positioning 6.6 NB section - Load-line and load-indicator (Optional) This method introduces a dependence of the output voltage on the load current recovering part of the drop due to the output capacitor ESR in the load transient. Introducing a dependence of the output voltage on the load current, a static error, proportional to the output current, causes the output voltage to vary according to the sensed current. Figure 10 shows the Current Sense Circuit used to implement the Load-Line. The current flowing across the Low-Side MOSFET is read through RISEN. RISEN programs a transconductance gain and generates a current IISEN proportional to the current delivered by the NB Section that is then sourced by the NB_FB pin (IDROOP_NB). RFB_NB gives the final gain to program the desired load-line slope (Figure 9). The output characteristic vs. load current is then given by (Offset disabled): R dsON V OUT_NB = VID - R FB_NB I DROOP_NB = VID - R FB_NB ---------------- I OUT = VID - R LL_NB I OUT_NB R ISEN Where RLL_NB is the resulting Load-Line resistance implemented by the NB Section. The whole power supply can be then represented by a "real" voltage generator with an equivalent output resistance RLL_NB and a voltage value of VID. RFB_NB resistor can be then designed according to the RLL_NB specifications as follow: R ISEN R FB_NB = R LL_NB ---------------R dsON Caution: Load-Line (DROOP) implementation is optional, in case it is not desired, the resulting current information may be employed for other purposes, such as Load Indicator (LI). In this case, simply connect a resistor RLI_NB to SGND: the resulting voltage drop across RLI_NB will be proportional to the delivered current according to the following relationship: R dsON V NB_DROOP = R LI_NB ---------------- I OUT_NB R ISEN Note: Split between RFB_COMP_NB and RFB_DROOP_NB (Figure 9) is useful in custom designs where the Droop effect is minimum (i.e. <50mV over 100A) to simplify the compensation network design. 6.7 NB section - Offset (Optional) The NB_OS pin allows programming a positive offset (VOS_NB) for the NB Section output voltage by connecting a resistor ROS_NB to SGND. The pin is internally fixed at 1.240V so a current is programmed by connecting the resistor ROS_NB between the pin and SGND: this current is mirrored and then properly sunk from the NB_FB pin as shown in Figure 9. Output voltage is then programmed as follow: V NB = VID - R FB_NB ( I DROOP_NB - I OS_NB ) Offset resistor can be designed by considering the following relationship (RFB_NB may be fixed by the Droop effect): 27/44 Output voltage positioning L6740L 1.240V R OS_NB = ------------------- R FB_NB V OS_NB Caution: Note: Offset implementation is optional, in case it is not desired, simply short the pin to SGND. In the above formulas, RFB_NB has to be considered being the total resistance connected between NB_FB pin and the regulated voltage. 6.8 NB section - Maximum Duty-Cycle limitation To provide proper time for current-reading across the Low-Side MOSFET, the device implements a duty-cycle limitation for the NB Section. This limitation is not fixed but it is linearly variable with the current delivered to the load as follow: 0.80 T SW T ON_NB(max) = 0.40 T SW I NB_ISEN = 0A I NB_ISEN = 35A Duty Cycle limitation is variable with the delivered current to provide fast load transient response at light load as well as assuring robust over-current protection. 6.9 On-The-Fly VID transitions L6740L manages On-The-Fly VID Transitions that allow the Output Voltage of both sections to modify during normal device operation for CPU power management purposes. OV, UV and PWRGOOD signals are masked during every OTF-VID Transition and they are re-activated with a 16 clock cycle delay to prevent from false triggering. When changing dynamically the regulated voltage (OTF-VID), the system needs to charge or discharge the output capacitor accordingly. This means that an extra-current IOTF-VID needs to be delivered (especially when increasing the output regulated voltage) and it must be considered when setting the over current threshold of both the sections. This current results: dV OUT I OTF-VID = C OUT ----------------dT VID where dVOUT / dTVID depends on the operative mode (3mV/sec. in SVI or externally driven in PVI). Overcoming the OC threshold during the dynamic VID causes the device latch and disable. Dynamic VID transition is managed in different ways according to the device operative mode: PVI mode. L6740L checks for VID code modifications (See Figure 11) on the rising-edge of an internal additional OTFVID-clock and waits for a confirmation on the following falling edge. Once the new code is stable, on the next rising edge, the reference starts stepping up or down in LSB increments every two OTFVID-clock cycle until the new VID code is reached. During the transition, VID code changes are ignored; the device 28/44 L6740L Output voltage positioning re-starts monitoring VID after the transition has finished on the next rising-edge available. OTFVID-clock frequency (FOTFVID) is 500kHz. If the new VID code is more than 1 LSB different from the previous, the device will execute the transition stepping the reference with the OTFVID-clock frequency FOTFVID until the new code has reached. The output voltage rate of change will be of 12.5mV / 4sec. = 3.125mV/sec. Figure 11. PVI mode - On-The-Fly VID transitions Ref Moved (2) Ref Moved (3) Ref Moved (4) VID Sampled VID Stable Ref Moved (1) VID Sampled VID Stable Ref Moved (1) VID Sampled VID Stable Ref Moved (1) VID Sampled VID Stable Ref Moved (1) VID Sampled VID Stable Ref Moved (1) VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled VID Sampled OTFVID Clock VID [0:5] t Int. Reference TOTFVID t Tsw Vout TVID t x 4 Step VID Transition Vout Slope Controlled by internal OTFVID-Clock Oscillator 4 x 1 Step VID Transition Vout Slope Controlled by external driving circuit (TVID) t SVI mode. As soon as the controller receives a new valid command to set the VID level for one (or both) of the two sections, the reference of the involved section steps up or down according to the Target-VID with a 3mV/sec. slope (Typ). until the new VID code is reached. If a new valid command is issued during the transition, the device updates the TargetVID level and performs the on-the-fly Transition up to the new code.Pre-PWROK Metal VID OTF-VID are not managed in this case because the Pre-PWROK Metal VID are stored after EN is asserted. V_FIX mode. L6740L checks for SVC/SVD modifications and, once the new code is stable, it steps the reference of both sections up or down according to the Target-VID with a 3mV/sec. slope (Typ). until the new VID code is reached. OV, UV and PWRGOOD are masked during the transition and re-activated with a 16 clock cycle delay after the end of the transition to prevent from false triggering. 29/44 Output voltage positioning L6740L 6.10 Soft-start L6740L implements a soft-start to smoothly charge the output filter avoiding high in-rush currents to be required to the input power supply. In SVI mode, Soft-Start Time is intended as the time required by the device to set the output voltages to the Pre-PWROK Metal VID. During this phase, the device increases the reference of the enabled section(s) from zero up to the programmed reference in closed loop regulation. Soft-Start is implemented only when VCC is above UVLO Threshold and the EN pin is set free. See Section 5 for details about the SVI interface and how SVC/SVD are interpreted in this phase. At the end of the digital Soft-Start, PWRGOOD signal is set free. Protections are active during this phase as follow: - - - Under Voltage is enabled when the reference voltage reaches 0.5V. Over Voltage is always enabled according to the programmed threshold (by ROVP). FBDisconnection is enabled. Reference is increased with fixed dV/dt; Soft-Start time depends on the programmed voltage as follow: T SS [ ms ] = Target_VID 2.56 Figure 12. System Start-up: SVI (left) and PVI (right) VDD_CORE VDD_NB VDD_CORE PWRGOOD PWRGOOD EN VDD_NB EN 6.10.1 LS-Less Start-up In order to avoid any kind of negative undershoot on the load side during start-up, L6740L performs a special sequence in enabling the drivers for both sections: during the soft-start phase, the LS MOSFET is kept OFF (PWMx set to HiZ and ENDRVx = 0) until the first PWM pulse. After the first PWM pulse, the PWMx outputs switches between logic "0" and logic "1" and ENDRVx are set to logic "1". This particular sequence avoids the dangerous negative spike on the output voltage that can happen if starting over a pre-biased output especially when exiting from a CORE-OFF state. Low-Side MOSFET turn-on is masked only from the control loop point of view: protections are still allowed to turn-ON the Low-Side MOSFET in case of over voltage if needed. 30/44 L6740L Output voltage monitoring and protections 7 Output voltage monitoring and protections L6740L monitors the regulated voltage of both sections through pin VSEN and NB_VSEN in order to manage OV, UV and PWRGOOD. The device shows different thresholds when in different operative conditions but the behavior in response to a protection event is still the same as described below. Protections are active also during soft-start (See Section 6.10) while they are masked during OTF-VID transitions with an additional delay to avoid false triggering. Table 12. L6740L protection at a glance. Section Protection CORE NORTH BRIDGE SVI / PVI: Programmable threshold according to OVP pin. V_FIX: Fixed to 1.8V; OVP pin is externally shorted to SGND. Action: PWMx = 0 & ENDRVx = 1; Other Section (SVI only): PWMx = HiZ; ENDRVx = 0; FLT driven High. VSEN, NB_VSEN = VID -400mV. Active after Ref > 500mV Action: All PWMx = HiZ; ENDRVx = 0; FLT Driven High. PWRGOOD is the logic AND between internal CORE and NB PGOOD in SVI mode while is the CORE section PGOOD in PVI mode. Each PGOOD is set to zero when the related voltage falls below the programmed reference -250mV. Action: Section(s) continue switching, PWRGOOD driven low. 30A Pull-Up from NB_VSEN to set OV (SVI Only). Action: OV-Like Over voltage (OV) Under voltage (UV) PWRGOOD VSEN, NB_VSEN Set when VSEN > CS1- +600mV. Disconnection Action: UV-Like FBG, NB_FBG Disconnection Internal Comparator across the opamp to recover from GND losses. Action: UV-Like Current Monitor across LS RdsON. Constant Current, Valley CLimit. Action: UV-Like Current Monitor across Inductor DCR. Over current (OC) Dual Protection, per-phase and average. Action: UV-Like On-The-Fly VID Masked with the exception of OC with additional 16 clock delay to prevent from false triggering (both SVI and PVI). 7.1 Programmable over voltage Once VCC crosses the turn-ON threshold and the device is enabled (EN = 1), L6740L provides an Over Voltage Protection for both the sections: when the voltage sensed by VSEN and/or NB_VSEN overcomes the OV threshold, the controller: - Permanently sets the PWM of the involved section to zero keeping ENDRV of that section high in order to keep all the Low-Side MOSFETs on to protect the load of the Section in OV condition. 31/44 Output voltage monitoring and protections - L6740L Permanently sets the PWM of the non-involved section to HiZ while keeping ENDRV of the non-involved section low in order to realize an HiZ condition of the non-involved section. Drives the OSC/ FLT pin high. Power supply or EN pin cycling is required to restart operations. - - The OV threshold needs to be programmed through the OVP pin. Connecting the OVP pin to SGND through a resistor ROVP, the OVP threshold becomes the voltage present at the pin. Since the OVP pin sources a constant IOVP=11A current, the programmed voltage becomes: OVP TH OVP TH = R OVP 11A => R OVP = ------------------11A Filter OVP pin with 100pF(max) to SGND. 7.2 Feedback disconnection L6740L provides both CORE and NB sections with FB Disconnection protection. This feature acts in order to stop the device from regulating dangerous voltages in case the remote sense connections are left floating. The protection is available for both the sections and operates for both the positive and negative sense. According to Figure 13, the protection works as follow: CORE Section: Positive sense is performed monitoring the CORE output voltage through both VSEN and CS1-. As soon as CS1- is more than 600mV higher than VSEN, the device latches with all PWMx set to HiZ and ENDRVx set to zero. FLT pin is driven high. A 30A pulldown current on the VSEN forces the device to detect this fault condition. Negative sense is performed monitoring the internal opamp used to recover the SGND losses by comparing its output and the internal reference generated by the DAC. As soon as the difference between the output and the input of this opamp is higher than 500mV, the device latches with all PWMx set to HiZ and ENDRVx set to zero. FLT pin is driven high. NB Section (SVI Only) Positive sense is performed sourcing a 50A current that pulls-up the NB_VSEN pin in order to force the device to detect an OV condition for the NB Section. Negative sense is performed monitoring the internal opamp used to recover the SGND losses by comparing its output and the internal reference generated by the DAC. As soon as the difference between the output and the input of this opamp is higher than 500mV, the device latches with all PWMx set to HiZ and ENDRVx set to zero. FLT pin is driven high. To recover from a latch condition, cycle VCC or EN. 32/44 L6740L Figure 13. FB disconnection protection 500mV FBG DISCONNECTED Output voltage monitoring and protections 500mV FBG DISCONNECTED CORE_REFERENCE from DAC... CS1600mV VSEN DISCONNECTED NB_FB NB_REFERENCE 50A from DAC... FB RF RFB COMP CF VSEN 30A FBG NB_COMP RF_NB RFB_NB CF_NB NB_VSEN NB_FBG To VDD_CORE (Remote Sense) To VDD_NB (Remote Sense) CORE SECTION - VSEN AND FBG DISCONNECTION NB SECTION - NB_VSEN AND NB_FBR DISCONNECTION 7.3 PWRGOOD It is an open-drain signal set free after the soft-start sequence has finished; it is the logic AND between the internal CORE and NB PGOOD (or just the CORE PGOOD in PVI mode). It is pulled low when the output voltage of one of the two sections drops 250mV below the programmed voltage. It is masked during On-The-Fly VID Transitions as well as when the CORE section is set to OFF (from SVI bus) while the NB Section is still operative. 7.4 Over-current The Over Current threshold has to be programmed to a safe value, in order to be sure that each Section doesn't enter OC during normal operation of the device. This value must take into consideration also the extra current needed during the OTF-VID Transition (IOTF-VID) and the process spread and temperature variations of the sensing elements (DCR and RdsON). Moreover, since also the internal threshold spreads, the design has to consider the minimum/maximum values of the threshold. Considering the reading method, the two sections will show different behaviors in OC. 7.4.1 CORE section L6740L performs two different OC protections for the CORE Section: it monitors both the average current and the per-phase current and allows to set an OC threshold for both. - OC_PHASE pin allows to define a maximum information current per-phase (IINFOx). A ROC_TH resistor connected to SGND allows to define an end-of-scale current (IOC_TH) that is compared with the information current generated for each phase (IINFOx). If the current information for the single phase exceed the programmed end-of-scale current (i.e. if IINFOx > IOC_TH), the device will turn-on the LS mosfet until the threshold is re-crossed (i.e. until IINFOx < IOC_TH). OC_AVG pin allows to define a maximum total output current for the system (IOC_AVG). A copy of the DROOP current is sourced from the OC_AVG/LI pin. By connecting a resistor ROC_AVG to SGND, a load indicator with 2.5V (VOC_AVGTH) end-of-scale can be implemented. This means that when the voltage present at the LI pin crosses VOC_AVGTH, the device detects an average OC (OC_AVG) and immediately latches with all the mosfets of all the sections OFF (HiZ). - 33/44 Output voltage monitoring and protections L6740L Typical design considers the intervention of the Average OC before the per-phase OC, leaving this last one as an extreme-protection in case of hardware failures in the external components. Typical design flow is the following: - - - Define the maximum total output current (IOC_AVGmax) according to system requirements Set IOC_TH to 35A. This implies ROC_TH = 33k (OC_PHASE pin is fixed to 1.24V and IOC_TH is the current programmed through ROC_TH). Design RG resistor in order to have IINFOx = IOC_TH when IOUT is about 10% higher than the IOC_AVGmax current. It results: ( 1.1 I OC_AVGmax ) DCR R G = ----------------------------------------------------------------N I OCTH where N is the number of phases and DCR the DC resistance of the inductors. RG should be designed in worst-case conditions. - Design ROC_AVG in order to have the OC_AVG/LI pin voltage to VOC_AVGTH at the desired maximum current IOC_AVGmax. It results: V OC_AVGTH R G R OC_AVG = ----------------------------------------------I OC_AVGmax DCR where VOC_AVGTH is typically 2.5V and IOC_AVGmax is the AVG_OC threshold desired. - - Note: Adjust the defined values according to bench-test of the application. An additional capacitor in parallel to ROC_AVG can be considered to add a delay in the protection intervention. What previoulsy listed is the typical design flow. In any case, custom design may require different settings and ratios between the per-phase OC threshold and the AVG OC threshold. Applications with huge ripple across inductors may required to set IOC_TH to values higher than 35A: in this case the threshold may be increased still keeping IOC_TH < 50A. 7.4.2 NB section Since the NB Section reads the current across Low-Side MOSFET, it limits the bottom of the NB inductor current entering in Constant Current until UV. In particular, since the device limits the valley of the inductor current, the ripple entity, when not negligible, impacts on the real OC threshold value and must be considered. The device detects an Over Current condition when the current information IISEN overcomes the fixed threshold of IOCTH_NB (35A typ). When this happens, the device keeps the LowSide MOSFET on, also skipping clock cycles, until the threshold is crossed back and IISEN results being lower than the IOCTH_NB threshold. After exiting the OC condition, the LowSide MOSFET is turned off and the High-Side is turned on with a duty cycle driven by the PWM comparator. The Section enters the Quasi-Constant-Current operation: the Low-Side MOSFET stays ON until the current read becomes lower than IOCP_NB skipping clock cycles. The High-Side MOSFET can be then turned ON with a TON imposed by the control loop after the Low-Side MOSFET turn-off and the Section works in the usual way until another OC event is detected. This means that the average current delivered can slightly increase in Quasi-Constant-Cur- 34/44 L6740L Output voltage monitoring and protections rent operation since the current ripple increases. In fact, the ON time increases due to the OFF time rise because of the current has to reach the IOCP_NB bottom. The worst-case condition is when the ON time reaches its maximum value (see Section 6.8). When this happens, the Section works in Real Constant Current and the output voltage decrease as the load increase. Crossing the UV threshold causes the device to latch accordingly. It can be observed that the peak current (IPEAK_NB) is greater than IOCP_NB but it can be determined as follow: V IN - V OUT(min) V IN - V OUT(min) I PEAK_NB = I OCP_NB + --------------------------------------- T ON(max) = I OCP_NB + --------------------------------------- 0.40 T SW L NB L NB Where VOUT(min) is the UV threshold, (inductor saturation must be considered). When that threshold is crossed, UV is detected. Cycle the power supply or the EN pin to restart operation. The maximum average current during the Constant-Current behavior results (see Figure 14): I PEAK - I OCP_NB I MAX_NB = I OCP_NB + ----------------------------------------2 in this particular situation, the switching frequency for the NB Section results reduced. The ON time is the maximum allowed TON(max) while the OFF time depends on the application: I PEAK - I OCP_NB T OFF = L NB ----------------------------------------V OUT 1 f = -----------------------------------------T ON(max) + T OFF The transconductance resistor RISEN can be designed considering that the Section limits the inductor current ripple valley. Moreover the additional current due to the output filter charge during on-the-Fly VID transitions must be considered. I OCP_NB(max) R dsON(max) R ISEN = ----------------------------------------------------------------I OCTH_NB(min) where IOCP_NB is defined above. Figure 14. NB Section - Constant current operation. Constant Current (Exploded) IPEAK_NB IMAX_NB Droop Effect Quasi-Const. Current VOUT 0.40 VIN Voltage Positioning IOCP_NB TON(max) LS ON Skipping Clock Cycles TON(max) UVP Threshold TSW TSW IOCP_NB (IDROOP_NB = 35A) IOUT IMAX_NB 35/44 Main oscillator L6740L 8 Main oscillator The controller embeds a dual-Oscillator: one section is used for the CORE and it is a multiphase programmable oscillator managing equal phase-shift among all phases and the other section is used for the NB section. Phase-Shift between the CORE and NB ramps is automatically adjusted according to the CORE phase # programmed. The internal oscillator generates the triangular waveform for the PWM charging and discharging with a constant current an internal capacitor. The switching frequency for each channel, FSW, is internally fixed at 150kHz: the resulting switching frequency for the CORE section at the load side results in being multiplied by N (number of configured phases). The current delivered to the oscillator is typically 22A (corresponding to the free running frequency FSW=150kHz) and it may be varied using an external resistor (ROSC) typically connected between the OSC pin and SGND. Since the OSC pin is fixed at 1.240V, the frequency is varied proportionally to the current sunk from the pin considering the internal gain of 6.8KHz/A (See Figure 15). Connecting ROSC to SGND the frequency is increased (current is sunk from the pin), according to the following relationships: 6 1.240V kHz 8.432 10 F SW = 150kHz + --------------------------- 6.8 ---------- = 150kHz + ---------------------------R OSC ( k ) A R OSC ( k ) Figure 15. ROSC vs. switching frequency 1000 900 800 Switching Frequency [kHz] 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 10 100 1000 Rosc Resistor [kOhms] 36/44 L6740L System control loop compensation 9 System control loop compensation The device embeds two separate and independent control loops for CORE and NB section. The control loop for NB section is a simple Voltage-Mode control loop with (optional) voltage positioning featured when DROOP pin is shorted with FB. The control loop for the CORE section also features a Current-Sharing loop to equalize the current carried by each of the configured phases. The CORE control system can be modeled with an equivalent Single-Phase converter whose only difference is the equivalent inductor L/N (where each phase has an L inductor and N is the number of the configured phases). See Figure 16. Figure 16. Equivalent control loop for NB and CORE sections. PWM d VNB_COMP LNB ESR_NB CO_NB IDROOP_NB VOUT_NB RO_NB PWM d VCOMP LCORE/N ESR VOUT RO CO VNB_COMP Ref VID_NB IDROOP Ref VID_CORE NB_VSEN DROOP NB_DROOP NB_FBG NB_FB NB_COMP RF_NB CF-NB COMP RF CF ZF(s) ZFB(s) RFB_NB ZF(s) ZFB(s) RFB This means that the same analysis can be used for both the sections with the only exception of the different equivalent inductor value (L=LNB for NB Section and L=LCORE/N for the CORE section) and the current reading gain (RdsON/RISEN for NB Section and DCR/RG for the CORE Section). The Control Loop gain results (obtained opening the loop after the COMP pin): PWM Z F ( s ) ( R LL + Z P ( s ) ) G LOOP ( s ) = - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ZF ( s ) 1[ Z P ( s ) + Z L ( s ) ] -------------- + 1 + ----------- R FB A(s) A ( s ) Where: RLL is the equivalent output resistance determined by the droop function; ZP(s) is the impedance resulting by the parallel of the output capacitor (and its ESR) and the applied load RO; ZF(s) is the compensation network impedance; ZL(s) is the equivalent inductor impedance; A(s) is the error amplifier gain; V IN 9PWM = ----- ------------------ is the PWM transfer function. 10 V OSC The Control Loop gain for each section is designed in order to obtain a high DC gain to minimize static error and to cross the 0dB axes with a constant -20dB/Dec. slope with the desired crossover frequency T. Neglecting the effect of ZF(s), the transfer function has one zero and two poles; both the poles are fixed once the output filter is designed (LC filter resonance LC) and the zero (ESR) is fixed by ESR and the Droop resistance. VSEN FBG VCOMP FB 37/44 System control loop compensation Figure 17. Control loop bode diagram and fine tuning (not in scale). dB dB CF GLOOP(s) K RF[dB] ZF(s) K RF[dB] RF ZF(s) GLOOP(s) L6740L LC = F ESR T LC = F ESR T To obtain the desired shape an RF-CF series network is considered for the ZF(s) implementation. A zero at F=1/RFCF is then introduced together with an integrator. This integrator minimizes the static error while placing the zero F in correspondence with the LC resonance assures a simple -20dB/Dec. shape of the gain. In fact, considering the usual value for the output filter, the LC resonance results to be at frequency lower than the above reported zero. Compensation network can be simply designed placing F=LC and imposing the crossover frequency T as desired obtaining (always considering that T might be not higher than 1/10th of the switching frequency FSW): R FB V OSC 9 L R F = --------------------------------- ----- T -----------------------------------------V IN 10 N ( R LL + ESR ) CO L C F = ------------------RF 9.1 Compensation network guidelines The Compensation Network design assures to having system response according to the cross-over frequency selected and to the output filter considered: it is anyway possible to further fine-tune the compensation network modifying the bandwidth in order to get the best response of the system as follow (See Figure 17): - - - Increase RF to increase the system bandwidth accordingly; Decrease RF to decrease the system bandwidth accordingly; Increase CF to move F to low frequencies increasing as a consequence the system phase margin. Having the fastest compensation network gives not the confidence to satisfy the requirements of the load: the inductor still limits the maximum dI/dt that the system can afford. In fact, when a load transient is applied, the best that the controller can do is to "saturate" the duty cycle to its maximum (dMAX) or minimum (0) value. The output voltage dV/dt is then limited by the inductor charge / discharge time and by the output capacitance. In particular, the most limiting transition corresponds to the load removal since the inductor results being discharged only by VOUT (while it is charged by dMAXVIN-VOUT during a load appliance). 38/44 L6740L LTB technologyTM 10 LTB technologyTM LTB TechnologyTM further enhances the performances of Dual-Edge Asynchronous Systems by reducing the system latencies and immediately turning ON all the phases to provide the correct amount of energy to the load. By properly designing the LTB network as well as the LTB Gain, the undershoot and the ring-back can be minimized also optimizing the output capacitors count. LTB TechnologyTM applies only to the CORE Section. LTB TechnologyTM monitors the output voltage through a dedicated pin detecting LoadTransients with selected dV/dt, it cancels the interleaved phase-shift, turning-on simultaneously all phases. it then implements a parallel, independent loop that reacts to Load-Transients bypassing E/A latencies. LTB TechnologyTM Control Loop is reported in Figure 18. Figure 18. LTB technologyTM control loop (CORE section). LTB Ramp LTB LT Detect PWM_BOOST L/N d VCOMP ESR RO VOUT PWM CO VCOMP IDROOP Ref Monitor VID LT Detect FBG COMP CF FB DROOP VSEN RF RFB CH CFB LTB ZF(s) ZFB(s) RLTB CLTB The LTB detector is able to detect output load transients by coupling the output voltage through an RLTB - CLTB network. After detecting a load transient, the LTB Ramp is reset and then compared with the COMP pin level. The resulting duty-cycle programmed is then ORed with the PWMx signal of each phase by-passing the main control loop. All the phases will then be turned-on together and the EA latencies results bypassed as well. Sensitivity of the Load Transient Detector and the Gain of the LTB Ramp can be programmed in order to control precisely both the undershoot and the ring-back. Detector Design. RLTB - CLTB is design according to the output voltage deviation dVOUT which is desired the controller to be sensitive as follow: dV OUT R LTB = ----------------25A 1 C LTB = ------------------------------------------------2 N R LTB F SW 39/44 LTB technologyTM L6740L Gain Design. Through the LTBGAIN pin it is possible to modify the slope of the LTB Ramp in order to modulate the entity of the LTB response once the LT has been detected. In fact, the response depends on the board design and its parasitics requiring different actions from the controller. Leaving the LTBGAIN pin floating, the maximum pulse-width is programmed. The slope of the LTB ramp will be equal to 1/2 of the OSC ramp slope. Connecting RLTBGAIN to GND, the LTB Ramp slope can be modified as follow: I LTBGAIN LTBRamp Slope = OSC Slope 1 + ----------------------- I OSC Where ILTBGAIN is the current sunk from LTBGAIN pin and IOSC is the OSC current (20A plus the current sunk from the OSC pin). LTB TechnologyTM Design Tips. - - - Decrease RLTB to increase the system sensitivity making the system sensitive to smaller dVOUT. Increase CLTB to increase the system sensitivity making the system sensitive to higher dV/dt. Increase RLTBGAIN to increase the width of the LTB pulse reducing the system ring-back. 40/44 L6740L Layout guidelines 11 Layout guidelines Layout is one of the most important things to consider when designing high current applications. A good layout solution can generate a benefit in lowering power dissipation on the power paths, reducing radiation and a proper connection between signal and power ground can optimize the performance of the control loops. Two kind of critical components and connections have to be considered when laying-out a VRM based on L6740L: power components and connections and small signal components connections. 11.1 Power components and connections These are the components and connections where switching and high continuous current flows from the input to the load. The first priority when placing components has to be reserved to this power section, minimizing the length of each connection and loop as much as possible. To minimize noise and voltage spikes (EMI and losses) these interconnections must be a part of a power plane and anyway realized by wide and thick copper traces: loop must be anyway minimized. The critical components, i.e. the power transistors, must be close one to the other. The use of multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended. Since L6740L uses external drivers to switch the power MOSFETs, check the selected driver documentation for informations related to proper layout for this part. 11.2 Small signal components and connections These are small signal components and connections to critical nodes of the application as well as bypass capacitors for the device supply. Locate the bypass capacitor close to the device and refer sensible components such as frequency set-up resistor ROSC, offset resistor (both Sections) and OVP resistor ROVP to SGND. Star grounding is suggested: connect SGND to PGND plane in a single point to avoid that drops due to the high current delivered causes errors in the device behavior. VSEN pin filtered vs. SGND helps in reducing noise injection into device and EN pin filtered vs. SGND helps in reducing false trip due to coupled noise: take care in routing driving net for this pin in order to minimize coupled noise. Remote Buffer Connection must be routed as parallel nets from the FBG/FBR pins to the load in order to avoid the pick-up of any common mode noise. Connecting these pins in points far from the load will cause a non-optimum load regulation, increasing output tolerance. Locate current reading components close to the device. The PCB traces connecting the reading point must use dedicated nets, routed as parallel traces in order to avoid the pick-up of any common mode noise. It's also important to avoid any offset in the measurement and, to get a better precision, to connect the traces as close as possible to the sensing elements. Symmetrical layout is also suggested. Small filtering capacitor can be added, near the controller, between VOUT and SGND, on the CSx- line when reading across inductor to allow higher layout flexibility. 41/44 TQFP48 mechanical data & package dimensions L6740L 12 TQFP48 mechanical data & package dimensions Figure 19. TQFP48 mechanical data & package dimensions mm DIM. MIN. A A1 A2 b c D D1 D2 D3 e E E1 E2 E3 e L L1 k ccc 0.45 8.80 6.80 2.00 5.50 0.50 0.60 1.00 0.75 0.018 0.05 0.95 0.17 0.09 8.80 6.80 2.00 5.50 0.50 9.00 7.00 9.20 7.20 4.25 0.346 0.268 0.079 0.217 0.019 0.024 0.039 0.030 9.00 7.00 1.00 0.22 TYP. MAX. 1.20 0.15 1.05 0.27 0.20 9.20 7.20 4.25 0.002 0.037 0.006 0.004 0.346 0.268 0.079 0.217 0.020 0.354 0.276 0.362 0.283 0.167 0.354 0.276 0.039 0.008 MIN. TYP. MAX. 0.047 0.006 0.041 0.010 0.008 0.362 0.283 0.167 inch OUTLINE AND MECHANICAL DATA Body: 7 x 7 x 1.0mm 0(min.), 3.5(typ.), 7(max.) 0.08 0.0031 TQFP48 - EXPOSED PAD 7222746 B 42/44 L6740L Revision history 13 Revision history Table 13. Date 07-Jun-2007 01-Aug-2007 Document revision history Revision 1 2 First release Databrief updated to datasheet Changes 43/44 L6740L Please Read Carefully: Information in this document is provided solely in connection with ST products. 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